Data lakkhawm dan tur .
Cell pakhata voltage hmuhchhuah dan tur .
Battery cell voltage acquisition module hi power battery management system-a thil pawimawh tak a ni. A hnathawh dan leh a dikna chuan system-in battery dinhmun chungchanga a rorelna dik leh dik loh a hril a, a hnua control strategy-te \\ha taka kalpui dan pawh a nghawng belh zel bawk. Cell voltage hriat theihna atana hman tlanglawn tak takte chu relay array method, constant current source method, isolated operational amplifier acquisition method, voltage/frequency conversion circuit acquisition method, leh linear optocoupler amplifier circuit acquisition method te a ni.
1. Relay array hman dan tur .
Figure 8-6 ah hian relay array method hmanga battery voltage acquisition circuit block diagram a awm a. Terminal voltage sensor, relay array, A-d (analog-to-digital) converter chip, optocoupler, leh multiplexer te a awm a ni. Series-a n battery inzawmte terminal voltage teh tur chuan n+1 wire te chu battery pack chhunga node tinah connect a ngai a ni. M-th battery terminal voltage tehnaah chuan microcontroller chuan control signal inmil a thawn a, chu chuan multiplexer, optocoupler, leh relay drive circuit kaltlangin relay dik tak a thlang a, M-th leh M+1-th wire te chu A-D converter chip nen a inzawm tir a ni. A tlangpuiin, switching devices te resistance hi a tlem hle a, voltage divider circuit nena an inkawp hnuah chuan switching devices te resistance avanga tihsual chu a tlem tawh hle. Chubakah, circuit structure pumpui chu a awlsam hle a; Voltage divider resistor te, AD converter chip te, voltage reference accuracy te chauh hian final result dikna a nghawng a ni. Resistor leh chip te tihsual hi a tlangpuiin a te hle thei a ni. Chuvangin, relay array method hi mimal battery voltage tehna sang leh accuracy sang tak mamawh application atan a tha ber.
2. Tuna kan source hman dan tur awm reng .
Constant current source circuit hmanga parallel battery voltage lakna atana principle bulpui ber chu battery terminal voltage chu conversion resistor hmang lovin linearly changing current signal-a chantir a ni. Hei hian system-a anti-interference capability a ti tha hle. Single{-stage battery pack-ah chuan battery terminal voltage a hniam deuh avangin, a tlangpuiin 2V leh 5V inkar a nih avangin, discharge laiin voltage chu a stable deuh a, chu chuan system-a anti-interference capability a ti tha zawk a ni. Chuvangin, chutiang ti thei tur chuan design process-ah hian -channel operational amplifier pakhat chauh thlan a ni fo thin. Circuit design leh hman dan inang lo a nih avangin constant current source circuit hian chi hrang hrang a nei thei a ni.
Figure 8-7-a circuit kan hmuh hi chutiang entirnan pakhat a ni a; A rilru a buai em em a, a rilru a hah em em bawk a, a rilru a buai em em bawk a, a rilru a hah em em bawk a, a rilru a hah em em bawk a, a rilru a hah em em bawk a. それは,十半-Operational amplifier leh insulated-Gate field-effect transistor hmanga siam, current source circuit awm reng a ni.
Operational amplifier structure atanga kan hmuh theih angin, he circuit hi multi-stage direct-coupled amplifier circuit a ni a, open-loop gain leh deep negative feedback a nei a ni. A input stage hian differential amplifier circuit a hmang a, silicon chip khatah a inzawm a, chu chuan an pahnih inkarah performance matching tha tak a siam a, intermediate stage hian amplification capability sang tak a nei bawk. Differential circuit principle hmangin he circuit hian common-mode signal rejection capability chak tak a nei a ni. Chuvangin, battery pack-a cell pakhat zel voltage tehna operational amplifier hman hunah chuan high common-mode rejection leh amplification capability chuan measurement accuracy a ti tha ang. Insulated-Gate field-Effect transistor (IGFET) hi semiconductor device a ni a, input circuit-a electric field effect hmangin output circuit current control a ni. Variable resistance region-a a thawh chuan output drain current I chu input drain-source voltage nen linear takin a inzawm a ni. Chubakah, transistor-a gate-source impedance chu a sang hle a, chu chuan leakage current a tlem hle a, drain-source on-resistance chu a tlem hle a, chu chuan -state voltage drop-ah a hniam hle bawk. Figure 8-7 hian P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor (FET) a hmang a, zener diode chu constant gate-source voltage UCS vawng reng turin a connect bawk. Operational amplifier hian linear region-ah hna a thawk a ni. Low on-resistance FET thlan a nih chuan on-state voltage drop chu a tlem hle. Chuvangin,
Achievable theih a ni .
A chunga equation-ah hian U₁ leh U3 inkar danglamna chu battery terminal voltage a ni a, U₁ chu inverting operational amplifier circuit-a output voltage a ni. Zener diode hian operational amplifier output nena inzawm chu feedback a pe tih hriat a awlsam a, circuit chu balanced state-ah a awm reng a ni. V2 ↑→ |UZ| ↓→ IL ↓→ |vr| ↓→ VI ↑→ |V2| ↓ a ni. chutah chuan V2 chu operational amplifier-a output voltage a ni a; VR chu resistor R₁ a voltage a kal tlang a ni a; leh VI chu operational amplifier-a input differential voltage a ni a, chu chu VI=u₁ - U3 a ni. Circuit chu equilibrium-a a awm chuan VI=0. constant current source circuit chuan structure awlsam tak, strong common-mode rejection capability, acquisition accuracy sang tak, leh practicality tha tak a nei a.
3. Isolation hmanga amplifier hman dan tur .
Isolation operational amplifier chu electronic component a ni a, electrically isolating analog signals a awm thei a ni. Industrial process control-ah leh power supply device hrang hrangah isolation media atan isolator atan hman a ni nasa hle. A tlangpuiin hmun hnih a awm a, chungte chu input section leh output section te an ni. Hengte hi a hranin power an pe a, magnetic coupling hmangin an inzawm bawk. Signal chu input section hmangin modulate a ni a, isolation layer kaltlangin a kal a, chutah chuan output section hmangin demodulate leh restored a ni. Isolation Operational Amplifiers hi battery cell voltage acquisition circuit atan a tha hle. Circuit atanga input battery terminal voltage signal an isolate a, chu chuan pawn lam interference a veng a, system acquisition accuracy leh reliability a ti tha bawk. A hman dan tlangpui entirnan a hnuaiah hian tarlan a ni.
Figure 8.8 hian 600V power battery management system-a isolation operational amplifier hman dan a tarlang a. Battery pack ah hian horizontal lead 50 a awm-acid battery rated voltage 12V a awm a, an terminal voltage te chu isolation operational amplifier circuit hmangin pakhat khatin an la a ni. ISO 122 hi United States-a Black & Decker (BBB)-in a package modulation leh demodulation technology hmanga siam isolation amplifier a ni a, precision capacitor coupling technology hmanga siam a ni a, conventional dual- in conventional dual-line (DIP) pin arrangement a hmang bawk. ISO 122-a input leh output section te chu sampling circuit-ah a awm a, isolation layer siamin 1PF capacitor pahnih inmil hmangin a inthen a ni. Rated isolation voltage hi 1500V (AC 60Hz continuous) aia tam a ni a, isolation impedance sang tak leh gain accuracy leh linearity sang tak a awm a, chu chuan practical application requirement a tlin a ni. Figure 8.8-a kan hmuh angin ISO 122 input power chu automatic battery pack atang hian lak chhuah a ni a, chuta tang chuan linear relationship nei output signal chu multiplexed a ni a, chutah chuan input-a thawn hmain microcontroller-in a control precision resistor pahnih hmangin automatic-in a then a ni. Output power chu circuit board-a power supply module-in a pe a, battery terminal voltage chu isolated a ni. Hriat tur chu 50th Battery-a terminal voltage acquisition circuit-ah chuan isolated operational amplifier circuit hnuah inverter dah a ni a, chu chuan output signal chu negative atanga positive-ah a thlak a ni. Tin, isolated operational amplifier acquisition circuit hian performance tha tak nei mahse, a man to lutuk hian a hmanna zau tak a tihtlem thu tarlan a ngai bawk.
4. Voltage/Frequency Conversion Circuit lak dan tur .
Battery cell voltage neih theihna tura voltage/frequency (V/F) conversion circuit hman hian V/F converter hi a pawimawh hle. Voltage signal te chu frequency signal ah a chantir a, accuracy tha tak, linearity, leh integral input te a pe a ni.
Figure 8-9-ah hian high-precision v/f conversion atana hman LM331 V/F converter circuit schematic kan hmu a. LM331 hi a sang-performance integrated V/F chip siam a ni a, FS microcontroller siam a ni. Temperature-compensated bandgap reference circuit thar a hmang a, operating temperature range zawng zawngah leh power supply voltage 4.0V thlenga hniam zawng zawngah dikna sang tak a pe a ni.
He acquisition method-ah hian voltage signal chu direct-in frequency signal-ah a inthlak a, chu chu microcontroller-a counter port hmangin a-D conversion ngai lovin a process thei a ni. Chubakah, battery cell voltage acquisition system-a V/F conversion circuit tihpun nan chuan a inmil selection circuit leh operational amplifier circuit te pawh multi-channel acquisition functionality neih theihna tur siam a ngai bawk. Hetiang method hian component tlem zawk a huam a, mahse voltage-controlled oscillator hian capacitor a nei a, capacitor-te relative error chu a tlangpuiin a lian a, capacitor lian zawk chuan relative error lian zawk a lantir bawk.
5. Linear Optocoupler amplifier circuit a lak dan tur .
Battery cell voltage acquisition circuit linear optocoupler hmanga siam hian signal acquisition end leh processing end inkarah isolation a nei a, chu chuan circuit stability leh anti-interference capability a ti tha zawk a ni. Figure 8-10-ah hian TIL300 linear optocoupler a awm a, chu chu infrared LED illumination hmanga bifurcated isolated feedback photodiode leh output photodiode a ni. Special process technology hmangin LED time leh temperature characteristics nonlinearity te chu a compensate a, output signal chu LED atanga servo luminous flux chhuak nen linearly proportional a ni. TIL300 hian peak isolation 3500V a nei a, bandwidth 200kHz aia tam a nei a, DC leh AC signals isolated amplification atan a tha a, output gain stability ±0.05%/℃a nei bawk. Diagram atanga kan hmuh theih angin, battery cell pakhata voltage value (U1 leh U2 inthlauhna) chu operational amplifier A hmangin current signal IP ah a chantir a, linear optocoupler TIL300 hmangin a luang lut a ni. Opto-isolation hnuah chuan IP1 nen linear taka inzawm IP2 current a output a. He current hi Operational Amplifier A2 hmangin A-D conversion leh data acquisition hmangin voltage value-ah an chantir leh a ni. Hriat tur chu linear optocoupler tawp ber pahnih hian independent power supply hrang hrang an mamawh a, diagram-ah hian I+12V leh ±12V tih a ni. Hei hian linear optocoupler amplifier circuit hian isolation chak tak leh anti-interference theihna a nei mai bakah transmission laiin analog signal linearity tha tak a vawng reng tih a tilang bawk. Chuvangin, multi-channel acquisition system-a relay array emaw gating circuit emaw nen hman dun theih a ni. Mahse, a circuitry hi a buaithlak hle a, thil tam tak chuan a dikna a nghawng thei a ni.
Temperature lak dan tur .
Battery hnathawh temperature hian battery performance a nghawng mai bakah electric lirthei himna nen pawh a inzawm tlat a ni. Chuvangin, temperature parameter dik tak neih hi a pawimawh hle. Temperature neih hi a harsa lo; Key chu temperature sensor remchang thlan a ni. Tunah hian temperature sensor tam tak a awm a, chu chu thermistor, thermocouple, thermistor transistor, leh integrated temperature sensor te a ni.
1. Thermistor lakkhawm dan .
Thermistor acquisition method principle chu thermistor pakhat resistance chu temperature nen a inthlak danglam thin characteristic atanga siam a ni. Fixed resistor chu thermistor nen series-in a inzawm a, voltage divider a siam a, chu chuan temperature level chu voltage signal-ah a chantir a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan he signal hi analog-digital conversion-ah chuan digital temperature information-ah a inthlak a. Thermistors hi a man tlawm hle a, mahse linearity tha lo tak tak an nei a, a tlangpuiin thil siam chhuah dik lohna an nei tam hle.
2. Thermocouple lak dan tur .
Thermocouple hnathawh dan chu bimetallic body hian temperature hrang hrangah thermoelectric potential hrang hrang a siam chhuak a ni. He thermoelectric potential value hi kan neih chuan table pakhat enin temperature value chu kan hmu thei ang. Thermoelectric potential value chu material-ah chauh a innghat avangin thermocouple dikna chu a sang hle a ni. Mahse, thermoelectric potential chu millivolt-level signal a nih avangin amplification a ngai a, chu chuan external circuitry chu a ti complex hle. A tlangpuiin metal hian melting point sang tak a nei a, chuvangin thermocouple hi a tlangpuiin high-temperature tehna atan an hmang thin.
3. Temperature sensor lakkhawm dan inzawmkhawm .
Nitin nun leh thil siam chhuahnaah temperature tehna a lo tam chhoh zel avangin semiconductor siamtute chuan integrated temperature sensor tam tak an rawn siam chhuak ta a ni. Heng sensor tam tak hi thermistor atanga siam a nih laiin, an siam chhuah laiin an calibrate a, chu chuan thermocouple nena tehkhin theih a ni. Chubakah, digital value te chu direct-in an output thei a, chu chu an siam tha thei a ni-Digital system-a hman tur atan a tha hle.
Tuna lei dan tur .
Tuna hmuhchhuah dan tlangpui chu shunt, transformer, hall effect current sensor, leh fiber optic sensor te a ni.
Method tinte characteristic chu Table 8-1-ah hian tarlan a ni.
| Thil | Shunt 10 a ni. | transformer a ni . | Hall Element hman mek sensor . | Fiber optic sensor a ni a, a man pawh a to hle. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insertion hloh . | Awle | Aih | Aih | Aih |
| Arrangement Form 100 a ni. | Main circuit chhungah dah a ngai a ni . | Open hole, wire hmanga luh theihna . | Open hole, wire hmanga luh theihna . | - |
| Measurement object . | DC, AC, Pulse te a awm bawk. | AC 10 a ni. | DC, AC, Pulse te a awm bawk. | DC, AC 1000 a ni. |
| Electrical isolation 1000 a awm bawk. | Isolation a awm lo . | Awmhrang | Awmhrang | Awmhrang |
| Hman awlsamna . | Signal amplification tlem, isolation processing mamawh . | A hman dan a awlsam deuh . | A hman dan awlsam . | - |
| A hman dan tur scenario . | Current te te, control tehna . | AC tehna, power grid enkawl dan . | Control tehna 1.1. | High-voltage tehna power system-a hman tlanglawn . |
| Man | A hniam lam deuh . | Hniam | a sang deuh hlek a ni. | Sang |
| Popularization level 1.1. | Popularized . | Popularized . | a relatively popularized . | Popularized a ni lo . |
Heng thil zingah hian fiber optic sensor man to lutuk hian control field-a an hmanna a tikhawtlai a; Shunts te hi low-cost an ni a, frequency response tha tak an nei a, mahse current loop nena inzawm tur a nih avangin hman a buaithlak hle Current transformer hi AC tehna atan chauh hman theih a ni a; Tin, Hall Element Current Sensors hian performance tha tak a pe a, hman a awlsam bawk. Tunah hian shunts leh Hall Element current sensor te hi electric vehicle power battery management systems lei leh enkawlnaah an hmang nasa ber a ni.
Meikhu hmuhchhuah dan tur .
Lirthei hnathawh lai hian kawngpui dinhmun khirh tak tak leh battery siamna lama inherent battery siam a nih avangin, emergency nasa tak, meikhu emaw, kangmei emaw ang chi, a lum lutuk vang emaw, a inhnaih lutuk vang emaw, a inhnaih lutuk vang emaw a ni thei. Heng thil thlengte hi hmuhchhuah a nih loh chuan a rang thei ang bera hmalak a nih loh chuan, a chhehvela battery, lirthei, leh cargo compartment-a thawktute chu a ti hlauhawm hle ang a, lirthei operational safety nasa takin a nghawng ang. Chutiang thil thleng tur venna atan chuan tun hnaiah battery enkawlna system-ah meikhu enfiah a ni a, ngaihven a hlawh chho zel a ni.
Smoke sensor hi a chi hrang hrang a awm a, an detection principle a zirin chi thum-ah then theih a ni a, chungte chu 1 Smoke Sensors hmanga physicochemical property hmanga siam, semiconductor smoke sensor leh contact combustion smoke sensor te 2 Smoke Sensors hmanga taksa thil neih, thermal conductivity meikhu sensor, optical interference meikhu sensor, leh infrared sensor te 3 Electrochemical property hmanga meikhu sensor hmanga siam, current-Type smoke sensor leh electromotive force-Type gas sensor te. Smoke sensor chi hrang hrang a awm avangin semiconductor smoke sensor hian gas zawng zawng a hmu thei lo. Chuvangin, meikhu chi khat emaw pahnih emaw hriat theihna turin chi bik thlan a ni. Entirnan, oxide semiconductor smoke sensor hi hydrocarbon meikhu hmuhchhuahna atan an hmang ber a, chung zingah chuan O₂, H2, CO, H₂, O₃H2., Cl2, OH, CO2.
Power battery-a meikhu sensor hman a nih chuan sensor thlan nan hian battery hal atanga meikhu siam chhuah dan hriatthiam a ngai a ni. A tlangpuiin battery hal hian CO leh CO2 tam tak a siam chhuak a, chuvangin heng gas pahnih nena sensitive sensor te hi thlan tur a ni. Sensor structure hi kawngpui leivut leh vibration avanga false triggering venna atan long-Term vehicle hman dan vibration conditions-a hman theih a ngai a ni.
Power battery management system-a smoke alarm device chu driver’s console-ah dah tur a ni. Alarm signal a dawn chuan rang takin audible leh visual alarm leh fault awmna hmun a pe chhuak tur a ni a, driver chuan alarm signal chu a hmu nghal thei a, a dawng thei bawk ang.
Entirnan, Olympic Electric Bus-a hman tur, Beijing Institute of Technology-in a siam chhuah ber chu 9V alkaline emaw carbon-Zinc battery hmanga siam battery system hmangin, darkar 24 chhunga hnathawh dan pangngaia hman theih a ni. Alarm signal hi lirthei 24V battery power supply hmanga power pek a ni a, hei hi alarm system independence a nih theih nan a hranin pek a ni. Distributed alarm hian internal smoke sensor hmangin meikhu a awm tih a hmuchhuak thin. Smoke concentration chu limit hnuai lam a nih chuan alarm internal controller chuan relay output chu open circuit-ah a dah a; Smoke concentration chuan limit a pelh chuan internal controller chuan relay output chu short circuit-ah a dah a, rang takin +24V power supply chu display panel-ah a draw a, display panel-a -24V power supply nei alarm circuit a siam a, audible leh visual alarm signal a pe chhuak a ni. System structure chu Figure 8-11-ah hian kan hmu a.
